Village festival near Xi’an, 1950s.

One of the main themes of this blog, and my whole work, is the tenuous maintenance of expressive culture through the decades of Maoism.

There are many sources for visual images of the period, including the site of Covell Meyskens (see this interview). But photos of folk performance activity in the countryside during the period (like the one above) are less common. One useful source is the Anthology of folk music of the Chinese peoples, under the rubrics of folk-song, narrative-singing, opera, instrumental music, and dance; indeed, the volumes have rare images from the Republican, Maoist, and reform eras.

My posts include many such photos. Here’s a sample—do click on the links for background, and get to know the soundscape through recordings.

Several precious photos derive from the definitive work of Yang Yinliu and the Music Research Institute in Beijing, such as

• former monks of the Zhihua temple, Beijing, in 1954:

My tribute to Yang Yinliu includes several numinous images, such as

• Yang Yinliu and Cao Anhe immersed in research at the Institute, 1961:

• A brief excursion to Huashan amidst the gathering political clouds, May 1965:

• Shifan groups in Jiangsu:

Shifan c1962 https://stephenjones.blog/2017/02/26/a-tribute-to-yang-yinliu/

• Fieldwork in Hequ, Shanxi, 1953

• Hunan survey led by Yang Yinliu in 1956:

• including former performers of the Confucian ritual in Liuyang:

• Meanwhile in Suzhou, a remarkable 1956 project documented a complete Daoist jiao ritual:

https://stephenjones.blog/2019/07/20/south-jiangsu-roundup/

• Li Quanmin’s survey of Fujian, 1961–62:

• More from Xi’an: former Daoist priest An Laixu leading a 1961 visit to Beijing:

• Recreational ensembles in Yulin, Shaanbei:

• including this wonderful 1962 photo of the Qiao family:

• Images of rural narrative-singing include the model bard Han Qixiang in Shaanbei, and Xihe dagu in Hebei:

A wealth of photos of qin zither players from the period is available, such as

•  Guan Pinghu and Zha Fuxi:

For the Li family Daoists in Shanxi,

• this is a rare image of Li Peisen and his wife (late 1940s?):

• and the only early photos of the great Li Qing were taken during his brief sojourn in the secular regional troupe in 1959:

North Shanxi Arts Work Troupe, 1959. Li Qing front row, far right. His four years there (1958–62) were a brief interlude within a lifetime of ritual practice.

Li Qing (left) with fellow wind players Yang Xixi and Shi Ming, 1959.

If only we had images (or films!) of them performing rituals in the period!

Still in Yanggao,

• the wonderful Li Jin during his time as an errentai operatic clown:

Meanwhile in Hebei, photos of ritual groups from the period are again rare. Perhaps the most remarkable image of all is

• former Buddhist monk Daguang with his disciples in North Xinzhuang village in the Beijing suburbs, 1959:

• This photo of shawm players in Shaanbei dates from 1981, as the commune system was being dismantled:

In addition, over the period folk ritual groups recopied many gongche scores of the wind ensemble music that accompanies ritual, many of which appear in my many notes under local ritual.

I’m still curious to learn if such images might be available for expressive culture in Stalin’s Russia. Supplementing our talks with people who recall the Maoist era, it looks as if despite their appalling sufferings, folk traditions in embattled local communities in China were maintained with more resilience, however tenously. Do read the posts in which these photos appear!